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When Do You Pay Capital Gains Tax and How Does It Work?
When you sell an investment for a profit, the Internal Revenue Service wants its cut.
Capital gains are the profits you make when you sell a stock, mutual fund or other taxable asset.
You’ll owe capital gains taxes if that investment increased in value while you owned it. How much you owe depends on a couple factors, including your income and how long you owned the capital asset.
There are several legitimate ways to lower your capital gains tax liability, including investing in a retirement account.
Here’s everything you need to know, including capital gains tax rates and how to calculate what you owe.
Capital gains tax is a tax you pay on the profit made from selling an investment. The tax isn’t due until after you sell.
How much you owe in taxes depends on how long you owned the capital asset.
Capital gains taxes apply to most investment assets, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange traded funds, real estate, cars and cryptocurrency.
Capital gain taxes are due the same tax year you sell an investment, typically the following calendar year.
The short-term capital gains tax rate is basically your ordinary income tax rate (which is based on your tax bracket.)
Rates range from 10% all the way up to 37% for tax year 2022.
Short-term capital gains tax is a tax on the sale of capital assets owned for one year or less.
The long-term capital gain tax rate is either 0%, 15% or 20%, depending on your taxable income and filing status.
Most people fall into the 15% long-term capital gains rate.
Long-term capital gains are levied on assets sold a year or more after purchase.
These tax rates apply when filing your income taxes in 2023 on long-term gains. Short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income tax rates.
You’ll almost always pay a higher tax rate when you sell short-term investments (those held less than a year) than when you sell long-term investments.
Most people pay no more than 15% on long-term capital gains taxes. That’s usually more favorable than short-term capital gains tax rates, which follow your income tax bracket.
If you don’t sell any stocks, you don’t need to pay capital gains tax — but you may still have to pay tax on dividends from stocks you own.
You generally owe capital gains tax for the tax year you sell an investment. For example, if you sell a stock in June 2022, you’ll need to report it when you file your 2022 tax return — by April 2023 or October 2023 if you file an extension.
Remember: Capital gains tax isn’t due until after an investment is sold.
When you sell an investment, it’s called a realized gain or loss. The transaction is complete and you’ve made your profit or taken your loss.
If you haven’t actually sold the capital asset, any investment profits or losses are called unrealized gains/losses.
Not all assets receive the same capital gains tax treatment.
If you’re selling collectibles or real estate, be aware of these rules. High-income earners also pay a higher tax.
Selling collectibles you’ve owned at least one year nets a different tax rate than other capital assets.
Long-term gains on collectibles — such as fine art, antiques, jewelry and precious metals — are taxed at a flat 28% rate, regardless of your income.
Short-term gains on collectibles are still taxed at your ordinary income tax rate (i.e., your tax bracket).
Capital gains taxes are also calculated differently for most homeowners.
The first $250,000 of capital gain is excluded from the sale of a primary residence, so long as you’ve lived there for at least two out of the past five years. Married couples filing jointly can exclude the first $500,000.
To qualify, you must not have excluded another home from capital gains within the last two years.
If your income is high enough, you may be subject to another 3.8% tax, known as the net investment income tax.
You’ll owe net investment income tax if your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeds these maximum limits:
Most people hire a tax professional or use tax software to figure out their capital gains tax bill.
But you can still try to crunch the numbers yourself.
First, separate your short-term gains and losses from your long-term gains and losses. (Short-term losses can offset short-term gains. Long-term losses can offset long-term gains.)
Your short-term gains are taxed at your ordinary income rate while any long-term gains are taxed at the long-term capital gains rate.
The formula is: How much you sold an asset for – what you paid for it = your capital gain/loss.
For example, if you bought a stock for $500, then sold it a couple years later for $700, your capital gain is $200.
You’re taxed on the capital gain ($200), not the sale price ($700).
The difference between your capital gains and capital losses is called your net capital gain. If your gains outnumber your losses, you experience a net capital loss.
There are several legitimate ways to reduce your tax liability after selling an investment.
If you wait at least one year to sell an investment, you’ll pay lower capital gains tax rates. This doesn’t bode well for day trading, but investing long-term can help reduce your tax bill.
Consider this: Whether you make $50,000 a year or $190,000 a year, you’ll report a 15% capital gains tax rate when you sell a stock owned for at least one year.
However, if you hold the stock for less than a year, you would be taxed at your ordinary income rate. That would be a 22% capital gains tax if your annual income is $50,000 up to a whopping 32% capital gains tax if your annual income is $190,000.
If you sell a capital asset in a retirement account, you won’t owe taxes until you withdraw the money.
You can open up an individual retirement account (IRA) on your own or open a 401(k) or a similar account — a 403(b) or a 457 plan — with your employer.
Once money is in your 401(k) or IRA, and as long as the money stays in the account, you won’t pay taxes on investment gains, interest or dividends.
If you own a Roth retirement account, you won’t owe any taxes when you withdraw money either, as long as you’re at least 59.5 years old.
When you sell a stock or other asset for less than what you paid for it, you experience a capital loss.
You can use capital losses to offset capital gains. If you made a big profit earlier in the year, selling stocks at a loss can reduce or even eliminate how much you owe in capital gains taxes.
This strategy is called tax loss harvesting. Many financial advisors offer this service. It’s also a feature of several robo-advisors, such as Wealthfront.
If your capital losses are greater than $3,000, you can carry those losses forward indefinitely and deduct them from your capital gains in the future.
If you’re near retirement, it can make sense to wait until your taxable income is lower to sell investments.
A lower income equals a lower capital gains tax rate, especially if you’re looking to cash in short-term investments.
If your income is low enough (less than $41,675 for tax year 2022), you might be able to avoid capital gains taxes on long-term investments entirely.
Rachel Christian is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance and a senior writer for The Penny Hoarder.
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